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Standards Council of Canada

[solr_document_6]

CAN/CGSB-48.5-95 Partie I: Chap. 2

Manuel de radiographie industrielle Partie i Chapitre 2: Physique de la radiographie industrielle

2.1 Introduction à l'atome

Les matériaux utilisés dans l'industrie pour fabriquer des articles sont
habituellement des combinaisons de certains éléments de base. Il existe
environ cent-six éléments de base connus de l'homme. Un grand nombre d'entre
eux se trouvent dans la nature, à l'état élémentaire ou combinés; toutefois,
beaucoup d'entre eux sont fabriqués par l'homme dans des réacteurs. Tous les
éléments naturels et synthétiques sont constitués d'atomes, qui, à leur tour,
sont constitués de groupes de petites particules fondamentales combinés de
différentes façons.

Les trois particules fondamentales à partir desquelles tous les atomes semblent
être composés sont les électrons, les protons et les neutrons. Au cours des
dernières années, plusieurs autres particules ont été découvertes. Les notions
relatives aux particules susmentionnées sont essentielles à l'étude et à la
pratique de la radiographie industrielle.

Chaque élément a des caractéristiques uniques et propres selon le nombre et la
configuration des diverses particules contenues dans ses atomes. Ces
caractéristiques inhérentes aux éléments ont une grande incidence sur les
propriétés mécaniques et chimiques des métaux et des matériaux.

Les nombreux éléments sont classés systématiquement dans un tableau accompagné
de notes explicatives, appelé le tableau périodique des éléments, établi par
Mendeléev en 1869. Un tableau périodique des éléments type est produit par
Sargent Welch et on peut se le procurer en écrivant à Fisher Scientific, 112
chemin Colonnade, Box 4508, Station E, Nepean, Ontario K1S 5A9. Téléphone
(613) 226-3273. (D'autres succursales sont situées partout au Canada.)

Ce tableau permettait de prédire la position et les caractéristiques des
éléments inconnus de l'homme à cette époque.

L'examen du tableau périodique des éléments révèle une structure composée de
cases, une pour chaque élément, dans laquelle sont inscrites ses nombreuses
propriétés, et nous permet de constater également que les éléments sont
regroupés selon une classification horizontale et verticale. Les groupements
horizontaux s'appellent «périodes» et sont fondés sur le nombre de couches
électroniques; les groupements verticaux rassemblent les éléments selon leurs
caractéristiques semblables.

Status: Withdrawn
SDO: CGSB
Language: French
Publish date: 1995-09-30
Supersedes: 48-GP-5M
ICS Codes: 17.240; 19.100; 07.020;
Standard Number: CAN/CGSB-48.5-95 Partie I: Chap. 2

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